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Abdalazeem, M E, Hassan, H, Asawa, T and Mahmoud, H (2024) Green roofs and thermal comfort: a comparative study of soil layers’ seasonal thermal performance integrated with ventilation in hot climate. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 358–89.

Acar, E and Yalçın, N (2019) Task-related pro-environmental behaviours of architectural designers: LEED-based evidence from Turkey. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(02), 121–40.

Al-Qawasmi, J (2019) Examining indicators coverage in a sample of sustainable building assessment systems. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(02), 101–20.

Al-Qawasmi, J (2016) Vernacular as a renewable resource: toward region-specific architecture in Saudi Arabia, a case from KFUPM. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 81–96.

Allen, P M (2008) The importance of complexity for the research agenda in the built environment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 5–14.

Altay, B and Salcı, E (2024) Exploring designers’ finishing materials selection for residential interior spaces. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 269–86.

Andersen, M T and Findsen, A (2019) Exploring the benefits of structured information with the use of virtual design and construction principles in a BIM life-cycle approach. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(02), 83–100.

Anumba, C J, Abdullah, A and Ruikar, K (2008) An integrated system for demolition techniques selection. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 130–48.

Aranda-Mena, G, Sher, W, Gameson, R and Ward, P (2005) Evolving trends in nD modelling: the 'construction planning workbench'. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 111–26.

Aslay, S E and Dede, T (2024) Reduce the construction cost of a 7-story RC public building with metaheuristic algorithms. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 214–29.

Bamgbade, J A, Fung, E S, Moshood, T D, Kamaruddeen, A M and Liew, S (2023) The dynamics of ecological sustainability in housing delivery: developers’ perspectives. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 183–99.

Barbosa, J A, Araújo, C, Mateus, R and Bragança, L (2016) Smart interior design of buildings and its relationship to land use. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 97–106.

Bitarafan, M, Hosseini, S B, Abazarlou, S and Mahmoudzadeh, A (2015) Selecting the optimal composition of architectural forms from the perspective of civil defense using AHP and IHWP methods. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(02), 137-48.

Caixeta, M C B F and Fabricio, M M (2013) A conceptual model for the design process of interventions in healthcare buildings: a method to improve design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(02), 95-109.

Casamayor, J, Su, D and Sarshar, M (2015) Extending the lifespan of LED-lighting products. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(02), 105-22.

Che Ibrahim, C K I and Belayutham, S (2020) A knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) study on prevention through design: a dynamic insight into civil and structural engineers in Malaysia. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(02), 131–49.

Chen, G, Zhang, G, Xie, Y-M and Jin, X-H (2012) Overview of alliancing research and practice in the construction industry. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(02), 103-19.

Dakhli, Z and Lafhaj, Z (2017) Experimental and numerical prototyping of a complex cement column formwork for construction. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(02), 147–65.

Daoud, A O, Othman, A A E, Ebohon, O J and Bayyati, A (2022) Overcoming the limitations of the green pyramid rating system in the Egyptian construction industry: a critical analysis. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(02), 114–27.

de Melo, R S S, Do, D, Tillmann, P, Ballard, G and Granja, A D (2016) Target value design in the public sector: evidence from a hospital project in San Francisco, CA. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 125–37.

Eberhardt, L C M, Birkved, M and Birgisdottir, H (2022) Building design and construction strategies for a circular economy. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(02), 93–113.

EL-Mahdy, D and Ali, M (2024) Assessing the solar radiation performance of self-shaded 3D-printed clay-based façades. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 249–68.

Emmitt, S (2016) Editorial. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 79–80.

Emmitt, S (2017) Editorial. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(02), 79.

Emmitt, S (2016) The construction design manager – a rapidly evolving innovation. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 138–48.

Fan, C (2024) Using convolutional neural networks to identify illegal roofs from unmanned aerial vehicle images. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 390–410.

  • Type: Journal Article
  • Keywords: Convolutional neural network; illegal roof; unmanned aerial vehicle; digital surface model;
  • ISBN/ISSN: 1745-2007
  • URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2023.2244949
  • Abstract:
    Illegal structures, which are structures illegally built on land or buildings, are common in Taiwan. Urban residents frequently inform authorities of illegal roofs, a type of illegal structure, because of the potential fire hazards they pose. However, the government does not conduct timely inspection on illegal roofs because this process requires additional human resources. Therefore, developing an efficient and correct method for inspecting and reporting illegal structures is necessary. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were used to rapidly capture images, which were then used to generate orthophotos, a 3D building model, a digital surface model (DSM), and a data set containing 400 images of illegal roofs and 400 images of legal roofs. The data set was then used in a convolutional neural network (CNN) to train and evaluate image classification. The results revealed an illegal roof classification accuracy of 96.0%, with a loss of 0.09. In addition, You Only Look Once v3 (YOLOv3) was used to detect illegal buildings, and DSMs higher than 9 m were overlaid to improve the accuracy of the illegal roof identification model. Overall, the study results can help inspectors build a comprehensive database of illegal roofs, which can serve as a reference for budgeting demolition costs and human resources.

Giahchy, S, Hosseini, S A, Akhbari, M, Safa, E and Akbarpour, A (2023) A novel mathematical multi-criteria decision-making model for optimizing life cycle energy and cost in construction projects planning. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 200–13.

Gokyigit Arpaci, E Y, Eksi Akbulut, D and Yildiz, O (2024) Enhancing water resistance of earthen buildings by using admixture materials. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 320–36.

Greenwood, D, Horne, M, Thompson, E M, Allwood, C M, Wernemyr, C and Westerdahl, B (2008) Strategic perspectives on the use of virtual reality within the building industries of four countries. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 85–98.

Hansen, G K and Olsson, N O E (2011) Layered project-layered process: lean thinking and flexible solutions. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 70–84.

Hassanain, M A, Alamoudi, A, Al-Hammad, A and Abdallah, A (2020) Barriers to the implementation of POE practices in the Saudi Arabian building industry. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(02), 150–65.

Hassanain, M A, Sanni-Anibire, M O, Mahmoud, A S and Hamida, M B (2020) Design guidelines for the functional efficiency of laboratory facilities. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(02), 115–30.

Ianakiev, A and Greenwood, J (2013) Design and analysis of rotomoulded panels for a self-erecting low-cost flood barrier. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(02), 110-20.

Ibrahim, Y M, Kaka, A P, Aouad, G and Kagioglou, M (2008) As-built documentation of construction sequence by integrating virtual reality with time-lapse movies. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 73–84.

Isikdag, U, Underwood, J, Aouad, G and Trodd, N (2007) Investigating the role of building information models as a part of an integrated data layer: a fire response management case. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(02), 124–42.

Jacomit, A M and Granja, A D (2011) An investigation into the adoption of target costing on Brazilian public social housing projects. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 113–27.

Jens, K and Gregg, J S (2022) Building performances in open and enclosed spaces: a method for balancing operational costs and space utilization with a focus on user needs and satisfaction. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(02), 149–64.

Kestle, L, Potangaroa, R and Storey, B (2011) Integration of lean design and design management and its influence on the development of a multidisciplinary design management model for remote site projects. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 139–53.

Kiatake, M and Petreche, J R D (2012) A case study on the application of the theory of inventive problem solving in architecture. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(02), 90-102.

Kisilewicz, T (2007) Computer simulation in solar architecture design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(02), 106–23.

Kocaturk, T (2007) An investigation of the emerging knowledge in digital design from a multidisciplinary perspective. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(02), 93–105.

Kpamma, E Z and Adjei-Kumi, T (2011) Management of waste in the building design process: the Ghanaian consultants' perspective. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 102–12.

Kurul, E (2015) Influences of social capital on knowledge creation: An exploration in the UK built environment sector. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(02), 83-104.

Liu, A, Hodgson, G and Lord, W (2010) Innovation in construction education: the role of culture in e-learning. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(02), 91–102.

London, K (2010) Multi-market industrial organizational economic models for the internationalization process by small and medium enterprise construction design service firms. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(02), 132–52.

Luck, R (2015) Organising design in the wild: locating multidisciplinarity as a way of working. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(02), 149-62.

Mándoki, R and Orr, J (2023) The social acceptance of mass produced residential buildings among Hungarian young adults. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 148–62.

Marsh, R (2017) Building lifespan: effect on the environmental impact of building components in a Danish perspective. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(02), 80–100.

Medjdoub, B and Chenini, M B (2015) A constraint-based parametric model to support building services design exploration. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(02), 123-36.

Megahed, N A (2017) Understanding kinetic architecture: typology, classification, and design strategy. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(02), 130–46.

Mellado, F, Wong, P F, Amano, K, Johnson, C and Lou, E C W (2020) Digitisation of existing buildings to support building assessment schemes: viability of automated sustainability-led design scan-to-BIM process. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(02), 84–99.

Mohanta, A and Das, S (2023) Decision support system for the early stage of green building envelope design considering energy and maintainability. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 163–82.

Munir, M, Kiviniemi, A, Jones, S and Finnegan, S (2020) BIM-based operational information requirements for asset owners. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(02), 100–14.

Naji, K K (2005) Virtual environments for improving construction site safety. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 93–102.

Ormerod, M G and Newton, R A (2005) Moving beyond accessibility: the principles of universal (inclusive) design as a dimension in nD modelling of the built environment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 103–10.

Otter, A d and Emmitt, S (2008) Design team communication and design task complexity: the preference for dialogues. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 121–9.

Pérez-Valcárcel, J, Aragón, J, Muñiz, S, Freire-Tellado, M and Mosquera, E (2024) Transportable temporary homes with folding roof. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 337–57.

Pasquire, C and Salvatierra-Garrido, J (2011) Introducing the concept of first and last value to aid lean design: learning from social housing projects in Chile. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 128–38.

Patlakas, P, Musso, M and Larkham, P (2022) A digital curation model for post-occupancy evaluation data. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(02), 128–48.

Rekola, M, M (2012) The role of design management in the sustainable building process. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(02), 78-89.

Ren, S, Qiang, G, Tang, S, Zhang, C, Seo, H and Wu, K (2024) An automatic design-feedback process for structural prefabricated components quantity take-off calculation using BIM. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 287–302.

Roberts, C, Edwards, D J, Sing, M C P and Aigbavboa, C (2023) Post-occupancy evaluation: process delineation and implementation trends in the UK higher education sector. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 125–47.

Satwiko, P, Prasetya, A and Suhedi, F (2019) Noise-reducing vents for windows in warm, humid, tropical countries. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(02), 141–58.

Sebastian, R (2010) Integrated design and engineering using building information modelling: a pilot project of small-scale housing development in The Netherlands. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(02), 103–10.

Smith, G and Ceranic, B (2008) Spatial layout planning in sub-surface rail station design for effective fire evacuation. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(02), 99–120.

Smith, J (2005) An approach to developing a performance brief at the project inception stage. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 3–20.

Sohani, H, Hosseini Nourzad, S H and Saghatforoush, E (2024) The optimized form of building made from the reused elements. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 191–213.

Succar, B, Sher, W and Williams, A (2012) Measuring BIM performance: Five metrics. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(02), 120-42.

Tribelsky, E and Sacks, R (2011) An empirical study of information flows in multidisciplinary civil engineering design teams using lean measure. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(02), 85–101.

Vakili-Ardebili, A and Boussabaine, A H (2007) Creating value through sustainable building design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(02), 83–92.

Vakili-Ardebili, A and Boussabaine, A H (2010) Ecological building design determinants. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(02), 111–31.

Voordijk, H (2023) Technical mediation and digital technologies in construction practice. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(02), 110–24.

Wang, C, Gao, F, Cui, B, Huang, M M, Wu, M, Mao, L and Zheng, A (2024) Geometric quality assessment of precast concrete (PC) elements based on 3D structural light scanning. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 303–19.

Wongbumru, T and Dewancker, B (2016) Post-occupancy evaluation of user satisfaction: a case study of “old” and “new” public housing schemes in Bangkok. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(02), 107–24.

Yuan, Z, Wang, H, Yang, Y, Yi, C, Huang, D and Yu, D (2024) Improving the construction accuracy of precast components in prefabricated buildings by analyzing relevant factors from the perspective of supply chain: a system dynamics model. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(02), 230–48.

Zanni, M A, Soetanto, R and Ruikar, K (2017) Towards a BIM-enabled sustainable building design process: roles, responsibilities, and requirements. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(02), 101–29.

Zerjav, V, Hartmann, T and Achammer, C (2013) Managing the process of interdisciplinary design: identifying, enforcing, and anticipating decision-making frames. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(02), 121-33.

Zhang, X, Sexton, M G, Goulding, J S, Aouad, G and Kagioglou, M (2005) Performance modelling for the design of a hybrid concrete structural frame. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 83–91.

Zou, P X W and Couani, P (2012) Managing risks in green building supply chain. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(02), 143-58.

Zou, P X W and Roslan, B A (2005) Different perspectives towards using web-based project management systems in construction: large enterprises versus small- and medium-sized enterprises. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(02), 127–43.