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Abdirad, H (2017) Metric-based BIM implementation assessment: a review of research and practice. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(01), 52–78.

Ahankoob, A, Manley, K, Hon, C and Drogemuller, R (2023) The influence of building information modelling on the absorptive capacity of project-based organisations. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 1–21.

Ahmad, T, Thaheem, M J and Anwar, A (2016) Developing a green-building design approach by selective use of systems and techniques. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 29–50.

Ahmed, V, Shaik, A and Aouad, G (2006) An ontology of construction education for e-learning via the semantic web. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 87–99.

Alkalbani, S, Rezgui, Y, Vorakulpipat, C and Wilson, I E (2013) ICT adoption and diffusion in the construction industry of a developing economy: The case of the sultanate of Oman. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(01), 62-75.

Allan, S, Jones, K and Walker, S (2006) Retrofitting e-learning to an existing distance learning course. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 137–47.

Aouad, G, Lee, A and Wu, S (2005) nD modelling for collaborative working in construction. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(01), 33-44.

Apollo, M and Burkacki, D (2024) Key success factors for small design offices in the bidding process. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 32–46.

Asgari, S and Noorzai, E (2023) Improving the effectiveness and interaction between building information modeling and life cycle assessment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 22–38.

Assad, M, Hosny, O, Elhakeem, A and El Haggar, S (2015) Green building design in Egypt from cost and energy perspectives. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(01), 21-40.

Bachman, L R (2008) Architecture and the four encounters with complexity. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(01), 15–30.

Bacon, M (2014) Occupancy analytics: a new basis for low-energy?low-carbon hospital design and operation in the UK. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 146-63.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords:
• ISBN/ISSN: 1745-2007
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2013.837254
• Abstract:
  This paper introduces an innovative approach to low-energy?low-carbon design for a new hospital in the UK. This innovation is achieved through an analysis of hospital operational policies and the impact of them on this performance. The analysis leads to new information and data, and it will be explained how this has a significant impact on the engineering design for the hospital's environmental systems. The work is a significant point of departure from conventional design practice, which largely focuses on the asset specification of the facility as a means for the achievement of this performance. There is now clear evidence that demonstrates that UK hospitals are failing to achieve the performance required by the UK Government's Carbon Reduction Commitment and this calls in to question how improved performance can be achieved by improved asset specifications alone. The primary source of this evidence emanates from the National Health Service (NHS) Sustainability Development Unit (2009. Executive summary. In D. Pencheon (Ed.), Saving carbon, improving health (pp. 8?9). Cambridge: NHS Sustainable Development Unit), which reports that actual carbon emissions from hospital buildings are increasing not falling, and that the rate of increase is diametrically opposite to that which is required (subsequent reports confirm this trend). The innovation presented in this paper concerns the development of a new building science called as ?Occupancy Analytics?, the objective of which is to address this situation by providing new knowledge about how hospitals are used and then to use this knowledge to transform the engineering design process (and in the future: hospital operational management). The background to Occupancy Analytics is based on the assertion that as it is people that consume energy and not hospital facilities, then we should seek to understand how they are used and in particular how the working practices and processes (operational policies) of use impact energy consumption and carbon emissions. The importance of understanding occupancy is of fundamental importance to building science and has long been recognised as such within the building engineering profession. For example, it is the one major factor that determines the sizing and control of the engineering systems. In this paper, the author sets out the arguments for developing a new understanding of occupancy rather then reliance on formulaic principles (which largely characterises conventional design engineering design practice) that lead to poorly informed engineering solutions, which then lead to poor energy and carbon performance in UK hospitals. Occupancy Analytics has been implemented on a major new acute hospital in the UK. The objective of the implementation has been to establish a new benchmark in hospital energy and carbon performance. It will demonstrate how the development of new knowledge concerning occupancy should lead to a radical improvement in hospital performance. The results of the work undertaken so far have been substantial in their impact. A major finding was that conventional design practice grossly over-estimates occupancy leading to the poor energy and carbon performance described earlier. However, using Occupancy Analytics the author forecasts a reduction in carbon emissions for the new hospital of 34% and a forecast energy performance of 28?GJ/100?m3 or 280?kWh/m2, which is comparable to the best performing hospitals in Scandinavia.

Beim, A and Jensen, K V (2007) Forming core elements for strategic design management: how to define and direct architectural value in aniIndustrialized context. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01), 29–38.

Bostancioglu, E and Onder, N P (2019) Applying analytic hierarchy process to the evaluation of double skin façades. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(01), 66–82.

Boyd, D (2006) Developing a knowledge centric approach to construction education. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 149–59.

Caetano, L F, de Souza, H A and Gomes, A P (2022) Effect of the exposed steel structure on the thermal performance of buildings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(01), 38–55.

Chan, K H (2010) Critical factors in adopting cooling media for central air-conditioning systems in Hong Kong. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(01), 31–47.

Chan, K H (2012) Critical factors in minimizing lighting energy. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(01), 21-29.

Chinyio, E and Morton, N (2006) The effectiveness of e-learning. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 73–86.

Choudhary, R, Papalambros, P Y and Malkawi, A (2005) A hierarchical design optimization approach for meeting building performance targets. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(01), 57-76.

Christina, S, Dainty, A, Daniels, K and Waterson, P (2014) How organisational behaviour and attitudes can impact building energy use in the UK retail environment: a theoretical framework. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 164-79.

Clements-Croome, D (2005) Designing the indoor environment for people. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(01), 45-55.

Codinhoto, R and Kiviniemi, A (2017) Evidencing changes in design practice. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(01), 1–2.

Criado-Perez, C, Collins, C G, Jackson, C J, Oldfield, P, Pollard, B and Sanders, K (2020) Beyond an ‘informed opinion’: evidence-based practice in the built environment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(01), 23–40.

de Blois, M, Herazo-Cueto, B, Latunova, I and Lizarralde, G (2011) Relationships between construction clients and participants of the building industry: structures and mechanisms of coordination and communication. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(01), 3–22.

de Souza, M P, Fialho, B C, Ferreira, R C, Fabricio, M M and Codinhoto, R (2023) Modelling and coordination of building design: an experience of BIM learning/upskilling. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 74–91.

Deng, Y and Poon, S W (2011) Mega-challenges for mega-event flagships. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(01), 23–37.

Donato, V (2017) Towards design process validation integrating graph theory into BIM. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(01), 22–38.

Dowdle, D L (2006) Engaging learners. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 31–48.

Elmualim, A, Czwakiel, A, Valle, R, Ludlow, G and Shah, S (2009) The practice of sustainable facilities management: design sentiments and the knowledge chasm. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 91–102.

Emmitt, S (2016) Editorial. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 1–2.

Emmitt, S (2006) Investigating the synergy between teaching and research in a teaching-led university. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 61–72.

Fadeyi, M O (2012) Compromise between ventilation, filtration strategies and recirculation rates for the design and operation of air-conditioned facilities in the tropics. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(01), 6-20.

Fernandez-Solis, J L (2013) Building construction: A deterministic non-periodic flow: A case study of chaos theories in tracking production flow. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(01), 21-48.

Fernández-Solís, J L (2008) The systemic nature of the construction industry. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(01), 31–46.

Friedrich, D (2022) Consumer and expert behaviour towards biobased wood-polymer building products: a comparative multi-factorial study according to theory of planned behaviour. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(01), 73–92.

Gamal, A, Nashaat, B, Shahda, M M and Nosier, S R (2024) Ten questions concerning the integration of digital fabrication techniques into the architectural design process. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 120–49.

Goldsmith, W and Flanagan, T (2017) Value methodology – case studies within climate resilience and sustainability policy application. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(01), 3–21.

Goncikowski, M (2024) Research by design – determining the form of the initial architectural concept of a skyscraper building in Warsaw. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 1–31.

Gram-Hanssen, K (2014) New needs for better understanding of household's energy consumption ? behaviour, lifestyle or practices?. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 91-107.

Gray, C and Al-Bizri, S (2007) Modelling trade contractor information production. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01), 39–48.

Gribble, S J, Scott, D, Mawdesley, M and Al-Jibouri, S (2006) Learning to be real engineers. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 101–14.

Grilo, L, Melhado, S, Silva, S A R, Edwards, P and Hardcastle, C (2007) International building design management and project performance: case study in São Paulo, Brazil. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01).

Hassanain, M A, Mathar, H and Aker, A (2016) Post-occupancy evaluation of a university student cafeteria. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 67–77.

Heylighen, A, Martin, W M and Cavallin, H (2007) Building stories revisited: unlocking the knowledge capital of architectural practice. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01), 65–74.

Hoxley, M and Rowsell, R (2006) Using video in the construction technology classroom. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 115–22.

Hua, Y, Kang, F, Zhang, S and Li, J (2023) Impacts of task interdependence and equivocality on ICT adoption in the construction industry: a task-technology fit view. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 92–109.

Jensen, P A (2011) Inclusive briefing and user involvement: case study of a media centre in Denmark. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(01), 38–49.

Kaluarachchi, Y and Jones, K (2014) Promoting low-carbon home adaptations and behavioural change in the older community. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 131-45.

Kpamma, Z E, Adjei-Kumi, T, Ayarkwa, J and Adinyira, E (2016) An exploration of the choosing by advantages decision system as a user engagement tool in participatory design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 51–66.

Kumaraswamy, M M, Miller, C J, Rahman, M M, Pickernell, D G, Ng, S T and Wong, I P Y (2006) Developing web-based tools for teaching, training, learning and development. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 123–35.

Kurkela, M, Maksimainen, M, Julin, A, Virtanen, J, Männistö, I, Vaaja, M T and Hyyppä, H (2022) Applying photogrammetry to reconstruct 3D luminance point clouds of indoor environments. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(01), 56–72.

Kurul, E, Tah, J H M and Cheung, F (2012) Does the UK built environment sector have the institutional capacity to deliver sustainable development?. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(01), 42-54.

Lavy, S, Kiss, C W and Fernandez-Solis, J L (2015) Linking design and energy performance in U.S. military hospitals. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(01), 41-64.

Lindgren, J (2016) Diffusing systemic innovations: influencing factors, approaches and further research. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 19–28.

London, K A and Cadman, K (2009) Impact of a fragmented regulatory environment on sustainable urban development design management. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 5–23.

Lotfabadi, P and Iranmanesh, A (2024) Evaluation of learning methods in architecture design studio via analytic hierarchy process: a case study. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 47–64.

Lou, E C, Lee, A and Goulding, J (2020) E-readiness in construction (ERiC): self-assessment framework for UK small and medium enterprise building services providers. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(01), 3–22.

Lowe, D J (2006) Supervised work experience. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 49–60.

Macieira, M, Mendonça, P, Miranda Guedes, J and Tereso, A (2022) Evaluating the efficiency of membrane’s refurbishment solutions to perform vertical extensions in old buildings using a multicriteria decision-support model. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(01), 1–25.

Magent, C S, Korkmaz, S, Klotz, L E and Riley, D R (2009) A design process evaluation method for sustainable buildings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 62–74.

Mahmoudi Motahar, M, Hosseini Nourzad, S H and Rahimi, F (2024) Integrating complete disassembly planning with deconstructability assessment to facilitate designing deconstructable buildings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 150–67.

Maneschi, K and Melhado, S (2010) Scope of design for production of partition walls and facade coverings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(01), 3–17.

Mattaraia, L, Fabricio, M M and Codinhoto, R (2023) Structure for the classification of disassembly applied to BIM models.. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 56–73.

Meijon Morêda Neto, H, Bastos Costa, D and Coelho Ravazzano, T (2019) Recommendations for Target Value Design implementation for real estate development in Brazil. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(01), 48–65.

Mejlænder-Larsen, & (2017) Using a change control system and building information modelling to manage change in design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 13(01), 39–51.

Mills, F T and Glass, J (2009) The construction design manager's role in delivering sustainable buildings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 75–90.

Mokhtar Azizi, N S, Wilkinson, S and Fassman, E (2014) Management practice to achieve energy-efficient performance of green buildings in New Zealand. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 25-39.

Moore, D R and Abadi, M (2005) Virtual team working and associated technologies within the UK construction industry. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(01), 21-32.

Mulville, M, Jones, K and Huebner, G (2014) The potential for energy reduction in UK commercial offices through effective management and behaviour change. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 79-90.

Ng, M S, Graser, K and Hall, D M (2023) Digital fabrication, BIM and early contractor involvement in design in construction projects: a comparative case study. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 19(01), 39–55.

Nielsen, S B, Hoffmann, B, Quitzau, M-B and Elle, M (2009) Mobilizing the courage to implement sustainable design solutions: Danish experiences. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 53–61.

Nordwall, U and Olofsson, T (2013) Architectural caring: Architectural qualities from a residential property perspective. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(01), 1-20.

Obonyo, E (2012) Developing enhanced, lignocellulosic fibre reinforcement for low-cost, cementitious, construction materials. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(01), 30-41.

Okakpu, A, GhaffarianHoseini, A, Tookey, J, Haar, J and Ghaffarianhoseini, A (2020) Exploring the environmental influence on BIM adoption for refurbishment project using structural equation modelling. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(01), 41–57.

Ornstein, S W and Ono, R (2010) Post-occupancy evaluation and design quality in Brazil: concepts, approaches and an example of application. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(01), 48–67.

Othman, A A E (2009) Corporate social responsibility of architectural design firms towards a sustainable built environment in South Africa. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 36–45.

Palmer, J, Bennetts, H, Pullen, S, Zuo, J, Ma, T and Chileshe, N (2014) The effect of dwelling occupants on energy consumption: the case of heat waves in Australia. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 40-59.

Peat, M (2009) Promotion of materials and products with sustainable credentials. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 46–52.

Piroozfar, P and Farr, E R P (2015) Visual perception and the choice of systemised building façades. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(01), 65-81.

Piroozfar, P, Altan, H and Popovic-Larsen, O (2012) Design for sustainability: A comparative study of a customized modern method of construction versus conventional methods of construction. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 8(01), 55-75.

Price, A D F and Lu, J (2013) Impact of hospital space standardization on patient health and safety. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 9(01), 49-61.

Raouf, A M I and Al-Ghamdi, S G (2019) Building information modelling and green buildings: challenges and opportunities. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(01), 1–28.

Rapheal, O, Adedeji, A, Opeyemi, O and Olugbenro, O (2024) Modelling client and construction firm barriers hindering social client relationship management system implementation in the built environment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 102–19.

Riggio, M, Alhariri, N and Hansen, E (2020) Paths of innovation and knowledge management in timber construction in North America: a focus on water control design strategies in CLT building enclosures. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(01), 58–83.

Rizi, R A, Bagherzadeh, F, Schnabel, M A and Bakshi, N (2024) A design methodology to consider occupants’ spatial adjustment and manage view content in adaptive façade design for improving visual comfort. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 168–90.

Rooke, J, Molloy, E-M, Sinclair, M, Koskela, L, Siriwardena, M, Kagioglou, M and Siemieniuch, C (2008) Models and metaphors: complexity theory and through-life management in the built environment. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(01), 47–57.

Rukwaro, R W and Kieti, R M (2019) Spatial design parameters for residential extensions: the case of Buru Buru estate in Nairobi, Kenya. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 15(01), 29–47.

Sánchez Vivas, L, Costello, K, Mobley, S, Mihelcic, J R and Mullins, G (2022) Determination of safety factors for structural bamboo design applications. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 18(01), 26–37.

Senaratne, S and Gunawardane, S (2015) Application of team role theory to construction design teams. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 11(01), 1-20.

Senaratne, S and Malewana, C (2011) Linking individual, team and organizational learning in construction project team settings. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(01), 50–63.

Senaratne, S and Ruwanpura, M (2016) Communication in construction: a management perspective through case studies in Sri Lanka. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(01), 3–18.

Spataru, C and Gauthier, S (2014) How to monitor people ?smartly? to help reducing energy consumption in buildings?. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 60-78.

Sporrong, J and Bröchner, J (2009) Public procurement incentives for sustainable design services: Swedish experiences. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 5(01), 24–35.

Tabarroki, S, Nazari, A and Banihashemi, S (2024) Risk stages and factors in architectural design- A structural equation modelling. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 79–101.

Thyssen, M H, Emmitt, S, Bonke, S and Kirk-Christoffersen, A (2010) Facilitating client value creation in the conceptual design phase of construction projects: a workshop approach. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(01), 18–30.

Tombesi, P, Dave, B, Gardiner, B and Scriver, P (2007) Rules of engagement: testing the attributes of distant outsourcing marriages. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01), 49–64.

Tucker, R and Rollo, J (2006) Teaching and learning in collaborative group design projects. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 19–30.

Tweed, C, Dixon, D, Hinton, E and Bickerstaff, K (2014) Thermal comfort practices in the home and their impact on energy consumption. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 1-24.

Tzortzopoulos, P and Cooper, R (2007) Design management from a contractor's perspective: the need for clarity. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 3(01), 17–28.

Van Nguyen, M and Ha, K D (2024) A corporate social responsibility implementation index for architectural design firms in Vietnam. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 20(01), 65–78.

Wood, A (2006) Demystifying construction. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 2(01), 5–18.

Yang, F and Bouchlaghem, D (2010) Genetic algorithm-based multiobjective optimization for building design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 6(01), 68–82.

Zeiler, W, Vissers, D, Maaijen, R and Boxem, G (2014) Occupants? behavioural impact on energy consumption: ?human-in-the-loop? comfort process control. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(01), 108-30.