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Abunyewah, M, Gajendran, T, Maund, K and Okyere, S A (2019) Linking information provision to behavioural intentions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 100–18.

Ahmed, I and McEvoy, D (2014) Post-tsunami resettlement in Sri Lanka and India: site planning, infrastructure and services. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 53-65.

Akama, Y, Cooper, V and Mees, B (2016) Beyond transmission: An analysis of communication frameworks in Australian bushfire preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(01), 49-62.

Ali, F M M and Jones, K (2013) Negotiating community resilience in the city in a time of political change and deficit reduction. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 9-22.

Amaratunga, C A (2014) Building community disaster resilience through a virtual community of practice (VCOP). International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 66-78.

Aryal, A and Wilkinson, S (2019) The role of social capital in the recovery of cultural built heritage. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 44–57.

Asadi, M and Karami, J (2019) Modeling of the city evacuation plan in case of earthquake with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialist competition algorithm (ICA). International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 134–51.

Bhattacharya-Mis, N, Joseph, R, Proverbs, D and Lamond, J (2015) Grass-root preparedness against potential flood risk among residential and commercial property holders. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 44-56.

Bignami, D F (2017) Testing solutions of a multi-disaster building’s certification functional to the built environment sustainability and resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 77-97.

Bigolin, M, Bussular, C Z and Silva Filho, L C P (2020) Evolutionary resilience in the housing sector: requirements proposal. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 1–12.

Biswas, A (2019) Exploring Indian post-disaster temporary housing strategy through a comparative review. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(01), 14–35.

Bornstein, L, Lizarralde, G, Gould, K A and Davidson, C (2013) Framing responses to post-earthquake Haiti: How representations of disasters, reconstruction and human settlements shape resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 43-57.

Burnside-Lawry, J and Carvalho, L (2016) A stakeholder approach to building community resilience: awareness to implementation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(01), 4-25.

Chang, Y, Wilkinson, S, Seville, E and Potangaroa, R (2010) Resourcing for a resilient post-disaster reconstruction environment. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 65–83.

Cumiskey, L, Werner, M, Meijer, K, Fakhruddin, S H M and Hassan, A (2015) Improving the social performance of flash flood early warnings using mobile services. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 57-72.

Dethridge, L and Quinn, B (2016) Realtime emergency communication in virtual worlds. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(01), 26-39.

Dumbuya, B and Nirupama, N (2017) Disasters and long-term economic sustainability: a perspective on Sierra Leone. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 58-76.

Fayazi, M (2011) Reconstruction projects by using core housing method in Iran: Case study: Gilan Province experience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2(01), 74–85.

Flyen, C, Hauge , Å L, Almås, A-J and Godbolt , Å L (2018) Municipal collaborative planning boosting climate resilience in the built environment. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 58-69.

Friend, R M, Thinphanga, P, MacClune, K, Henceroth, J, Tran, P V G and Nghiem, T P (2015) Urban transformations and changing patterns of local risk: lessons from the Mekong Region. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 30-43.

Gatti, M P (2018) Maintenance, reconstruction and prevention for the regeneration of historic towns and centers. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 96-111.

Godbolt, Å L, Flyen, C, Hauge, Å L, Flyen, A-C and Moen, L L (2018) Future resilience of cultural heritage buildings: how do residents make sense of public authorities’ sustainability measures?. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 18-30.

Goyal, P K, Datta, T K and Vijay, V K (2012) Vulnerability of rural houses to cyclonic wind. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(01), 20-41.

Haigh, R and Amaratunga, D (2010) An integrative review of the built environment discipline's role in the development of society's resilience to disasters. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 11–24.

Hashim, H M, Ng, Y G, Talib, O and Md Tamrin, S B (2019) Content validation of flood disaster preparedness action (FDPA) items among small and medium enterprises (SME) business. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(01), 2–13.

Hayles, C S (2010) An examination of decision making in post disaster housing reconstruction. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 103–22.

Henceroth, J, Friend, R M, Thinphanga, P, Tran, P V G and Nghiem, T P (2015) Lessons from self-assessments within urban climate resilience programs. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 86-101.

Hettiarachchi, M, Athukorale, K, Wijekoon, S and Alwis, A d (2014) Urban wetlands and disaster resilience of Colombo, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 79-89.

Hirano, S, Kayumba, E, Grafweg, A and Kelman, I (2011) Developing Rwanda's schools infrastructure standards and guidelines. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2(01), 30–46.

Hosseini, K A, Hosseini, M, Hosseinioon, S, Izadkhah, Y O, Shaw, T and Takahashi, R (2014) A survey on evacuation planning and its challenges for potential earthquake in Tehran. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 38-52.

Izumi, T, Sukhwani, V, Surjan, A and Shaw, R (2020) Managing and responding to pandemics in higher educational institutions: initial learning from COVID-19. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 51–66.

Jahangiri, K, Borgheipour, H, Gendeshmin, S B, Matin, A and Monazami Tehrani, G (2019) Site selection criteria for temporary sheltering in urban environment. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 58–70.

Kahandawa, R, Domingo, N, Chawynski, G and Uma, S (2020) Factors impacting post-earthquake damage repair cost estimations. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 29–49.

Kipling, J, Newton, R and Ormerod, M (2011) Accessing emergency rest centres in the UK: lessons learnt. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2(01), 47–58.

Korstanje, M E (2011) Swine flu in Buenos Aires: beyond the principle of resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2(01), 59–73.

Kundak, S (2017) Enhance household resilience in Istanbul. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 40-57.

Lassandro, P and Cosola, T (2018) Climate change mitigation: resilience indicators for roof solutions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 4-17.

Linh, T N Q, Hanh, T T T and Shaw, R (2020) COVID-19 initial preparedness and response in Vietnam during the first six months of the pandemic and the lessons for Sendai framework implementation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 143–55.

Lucini, B (2013) Social capital and sociological resilience in megacities context. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 58-71.

Luu, C, Von Meding, J and Kanjanabootra, S (2017) Balancing costs and benefits in Vietnam’s hydropower industry: a strategic proposal. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 27-39.

Malalgoda, C and Amaratunga, D (2015) A disaster resilient built environment in urban cities: The need to empower local governments. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 102-16.

Malalgoda, C, Amaratunga, D and Haigh, R (2013) Creating a disaster resilient built environment in urban cities: The role of local governments in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 72-94.

Marques, M, Monteiro, R and Delgado, R (2018) An improved model for seismic risk assessment in Portugal. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 70-83.

Matsuoka, Y, Takeuchi, Y and Shaw, R (2013) Implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action in Makati City, Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 23-42.

Mazza, M, Pino, M C, Peretti, S, Scolta, K and Mazzarelli, E (2014) Satisfaction level on quality of life post-earthquake rebuilding. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 6-22.

McEntire, D, Crocker, C G and Peters, E (2010) Addressing vulnerability through an integrated approach. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 50–64.

Mendes, J M, Tavares, A O and Santos, P P (2019) Social vulnerability and local level assessments: a new approach for planning. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 15–43.

Miller, J P (2019) Post-disaster recovery through the evolution of the lakou, a traditional settlement pattern. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 3–14.

Miyamoto, H K, Gilani, A S J and Wada, A (2011) Damage mitigation for school buildings in seismically vulnerable regions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2(01), 8–29.

Moe, T L (2012) Aiming for resilience and adaptation in managing environment: An emerging environmental and emergency leadership in the twenty-first century. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(01), 42-51.

Narain, V (2020) Building the resilience of periurban communities to the impacts of climate change and urbanization. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 115–25.

Oh, E H, Deshmukh, A and Hastak, M (2010) Disaster impact analysis based on inter-relationship of critical infrastructure and associated industries: a winter flood disaster event. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 24–49.

Okunola, O H (2019) Residents vulnerability analysis and explanation of development-induced disasters in a Sub-Saharan African city. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 71–84.

Ongkowijoyo, C and Doloi, H (2017) Determining critical infrastructure risks using social network analysis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 5-26.

Ongkowijoyo, C S, Gurmu, A and Andi, A (2020) Investigating risk of bridge construction project: exploring Suramadu strait-crossing cable-stayed bridge in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 127–42.

Ortiz, R, Macias-Bernal, J M and Ortiz, P (2018) Vulnerability and buildings service life applied to preventive conservation in cultural heritage. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 31-47.

Patel, S and Hastak, M (2013) A framework to construct post-disaster housing. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 95-114.

Pond, P (2016) The space between us: Twitter and crisis communication. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(01), 40-8.

Pourezzat, A A, Nejati, M and Mollaee, A (2010) Dataflow model for managing urban disasters: the experience of Bam earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 1(01), 84–102.

Prashar, S K and Shaw, R (2012) Urbanization and hydro-meteorological disaster resilience: the case of Delhi. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(01), 7-19.

Rahayu, H P, Haigh, R, Amaratunga, D, Kombaitan, B, Khoirunnisa, D and Pradana, V (2019) A micro scale study of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in coastal urban strategic planning for the Jakarta. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 119–33.

Rahman, M L (2019) Risk perception and awareness of earthquake: the case of Dhaka. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(01), 65–82.

Rahouti, A, Datoussaïd, S and Descamps, T (2018) Safety assessment of a high-rise dormitory in case of fire. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 84-95.

Rapaport, C and Ashkenazi, I (2019) Drop down or flee out?. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(01), 52–64.

Rebello, K, Jaggi, K, Costello, S, Blake, D, Oo, M, Hughes, J and Egbelakin, T (2019) Testing a criticality framework for road networks in Auckland, New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(01), 36–51.

Risom Laursen, M (2015) CBDRM in Nepal: a matter of risk perceptions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 73-85.

Rotimi, J O B and Wilkinson, S (2014) Improving environmental management legislation to facilitate post-disaster reconstruction. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(01), 23-37.

Sapeciay, Z, Wilkinson, S and Costello, S B (2017) Building organisational resilience for the construction industry: New Zealand practitioners’ perspective. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(01), 98-108.

Saputro, K A (2016) Information volunteers’ strategies in crisis communication: The case of Mt. Merapi eruption in Indonesia 2010. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(01), 63-72.

Shrestha, H D, Yatabe, R, Bhandary, N P and Subedi, J (2012) Vulnerability assessment and retrofitting of existing school buildings: a case study of Aceh. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(01), 52-65.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: buildings; child friendly; quality construction; construction operations; disaster risk reduction; earthquakes; Indonesia; retrofitting; schools; vulnerability assessment
• ISBN/ISSN: 1759-5908
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/17595901211201132
• Abstract:
  Purpose – As the widely held perception is that retrofitting is a complicated process and is expensive, the purpose of this paper is to analyze cost effectiveness of retrofitting existing buildings in order to make them safer against earthquake and also to add child friendly features. This case study focuses on the simple method of retrofitting on rectangular single storey existing school buildings. The school buildings are of different types, based on material, shape and size, number of storeys and their vulnerability to earthquake is different case by case. The paper also outlines the process of vulnerability assessment and approach to retrofitting. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the data collected from a case study carried out in Aceh (Indonesia) as a part of an assessment of vulnerability of newly constructed school facilities and retrofitting them in order to increase their seismic performance. Findings – One of the key findings of this study is that retrofitting can be achieved through the use of simple methods, tools and equipment and local human resource. This approach not only reduced the vulnerability of school children to earthquake disaster but also contributed to disseminate the message of culture of safety among the neighboring communities. Another major finding is that cost of retrofitting is less compared to the cost of demolition and rebuilding. The retrofitting option further saves the cost as it is time saving and the downtime is less. The retrofitting process and onsite training can also be an effective medium for dissemination of best construction practices in the community. The process also helps the local people to understand the context of risk and raise awareness on disaster risk reduction. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this paper are not limited to vulnerability assessment and retrofitting of school building in Aceh. They can be replicated in other parts of Indonesia and countries having similar type of buildings. Practical implications – The findings of this paper will be useful for decision makers to replicate similar processes in other types of schools in other areas. The findings will also be useful advocate disaster safer and child friendly schools. Originality/value – The paper is unique in its findings that retrofitting of school buildings does not only make the schools safer and reduces the risk to children but is also cost effective compared to new construction.

Sijakovic, M, Peric, A and Ayuso Ollero, P (2020) Towards resilient design of the building asset: the BREEAM-based evaluation of the Z Hotel Holborn, London. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 85–100.

Simmons, K M, Czajkowski, J and Kovacs, P (2020) Building code effectiveness grading schedule participation analysis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 67–83.

Taslimi, M S, Azimi, A and Nazari, M (2020) Resilience to economic sanctions; case study: hospital equipment cluster of Tehran (HECT). International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 13–28.

Tavakoli Taba, S, Mojtahedi, M and Newton, S (2019) Disaster risk management approaches in construction and built environment. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(01), 85–99.

Valdés, H M, Amaratunga, D and Haigh, R (2013) Making Cities Resilient: from awareness to implementation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(01), 5-8.

Wamsler, C and Brink, E (2015) The role of individual adaptive practices for sustainable adaptation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(01), 6-29.

White, T, Ariaratnam, S T and Michael, J (2012) Subterranean infrastructure reconnaissance for manmade and natural hazards and disasters. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 3(01), 66-86.

Yaman Galantini, Z D and Tezer, A (2018) Resilient urban planning process in question: Istanbul case. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 9(01), 48-57.

Yatmo, Y A, Atmodiwirjo, P, Saginatari, D P and Harahap, M M Y (2020) Development of modular school design as a permanent solution for post-disaster reconstruction in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 12(01), 101–13.