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Abrahams, G (2017) Constructing definitions of sustainable development. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 6(01), 34-47.

Arslan, M, Cruz, C, Roxin, A and Ginhac, D (2018) Spatio-temporal analysis of trajectories for safer construction sites. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 80–100.

Asif, M, Hassanain, M A, Nahiduzzaman, K M and Sawalha, H (2019) Techno-economic assessment of application of solar PV in building sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 8(01), 34–52.

Baker, D and Mahmood, M N (2012) Developing tools to support complex infrastructure decision-making. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 59-72.

Baker, D and Mahmood, M N (2012) Developing tools to support complex infrastructure decision-making. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 59-72.

Bebelaar, N, Braggaar, R C, Kleijwegt, C M, Meulmeester, R W E, Michailidou, G, Salheb, N, van der Spek, S, Vaissier, N and Verbree, E (2018) Monitoring urban environmental phenomena through a wireless distributed sensor network. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 68–79.

Birkeland, J L (2016) Net positive biophilic urbanism. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 9-14.

Bonyad, R, Hamzenejad, M and Khanmohammadi, M (2018) Ranking the regenerative architecture indicators for assessment of research-educational building projects in Tehran, Iran. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(01), 27–37.

Brandon, P (2012) Sustainable development: ignorance is fatal - what don. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 14-28.

Brandon, P (2012) Sustainable development: ignorance is fatal - what don't we know?. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 14-28.

Brynskov, M, Heijnen, A, Balestrini, M and Raetzsch, C (2018) Experimentation at scale: challenges for making urban informatics work. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 150–63.

Burton, C A, Ryan, C, Rismanchi, B and Candy, S (2019) Urban shared energy systems and behaviour change - simulating a common pooled resource problem. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(01), 17–26.

Contarini, A and Meijer, A (2015) LCA comparison of roofing materials for flat roofs. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 97-109.

De Waegemaeker, J, Kerselaers, E, Van Acker, M and Rogge, E (2017) Design workshops in the age of climate change: Analysis of a design workshop on drought in Flanders. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 6(01), 48-63.

Dritsa, D and Biloria, N (2018) Towards a multi-scalar framework for smart healthcare. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 33–52.

Foth, M (2018) Participatory urban informatics: towards citizen-ability. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 4–19.

Gholami, M, Mofidi Shemirani, M and Fayaz, R (2018) A modelling methodology for a solar energy-efficient neighbourhood. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 117–32.

Glass, J (2012) The state of sustainability reporting in the construction sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 87-104.

Glass, J (2012) The state of sustainability reporting in the construction sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 87-104.

Goel, A (2019) Sustainability in construction and built environment: a “wicked problem”?. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 8(01), 2–15.

Guven, H and Tanik, A (2018) Water-energy nexus. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(01), 54–70.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: Greywater; Energy recovery; Rainwater harvesting; Wastewater; Eco-cities; Water gain;
• ISBN/ISSN: 2046-6099
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-07-2017-0030
• Abstract:
  Rough estimations of water gain through greywater reuse and rainwater harvesting together with energy recovery from wastewater generated from a fictitious eco-city of population 100,000 located in Istanbul, Turkey form the main framework of the study. As such, the highly important concept of water–energy nexus will be emphasised and domestic wastewater will be partly considered for water recycling and the rest for energy recovery. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Distribution of daily domestic water consumption among different household uses and the population in the residential area are the two governing parameters in the practical calculation of daily wastewater generated. Therefore, domestic wastewater will be initially estimated based on population, and in turn, the amount of greywater will be found from the per cent distribution of water use. After segregation of greywater, the energy equivalency of the rest of the wastewater, known as blackwater, will further be calculated. Besides, the long-term average precipitation data of the geographical location (Istanbul) are used in determining safe and sound rainwater harvesting. Harvesting is considered to be only from the roofs of the houses; therefore, surface area of the roofs is directly taken from an actual residential site in Turkey, housing the same population which is constructed in four stages. Similarly, the fictitious eco-city in Istanbul is assumed to be constructed in a stage-wise manner to resemble real conditions. The water consumption of the fictitious eco-city ABC is considered as 15,000 m³/day by taking the unit water consumption 150 L/capita.day. Therefore, total water savings through on-site reuse and reuse as irrigation water (9,963 m³/day) will reduce water consumption by 64 per cent. Minimum 40 per cent water saving is shown to be possible by means of only greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting with a long-term average annual precipitation of 800 mm. The energy recovery from the rest of the wastewater after segregation of greywater is calculated as 15 MWh/day as electricity and heat that roughly correspond to electricity demand of 1,300 households each bearing four people. A fictitious eco-city rather than an actual one located in Istanbul is considered as the pilot area in the study. So far, an eco-city with population around 100,000 in Turkey does not exist. An important implication relates to rainwater harvesting. The amount of safe water to be gained through precipitation is subject to fluctuations within years and, thus, the amount of collected rainwater will highly depend on the geographical location of such an eco-city. The study covering rough calculations on water savings and energy recovery from domestic wastewater will act as a guide to practitioners working on efficient water management in the eco-cities, especially in those that are planned in a developing country. Practising water–energy nexus in an eco-city of population 100,000 regarding water savings and energy recovery from wastewater forms the originality of the study. Sustainable water use and energy recovery from wastewater are among the emerging topics in environmental science and technology. However, safe and sound applications are lacking especially in the developing countries. Guiding these countries with practical calculations on both water gain and energy recovery from wastewater (blackwater) is the value of the work done. Moreover, Istanbul is deliberately selected as a case study area for various reasons: its annual rainfall represents the worlds’ average, it is one of the most crowded megacities of the world that supply water demand from the surface water reservoirs and the megacity has not yet significantly increased wastewater reuse and recycling practices.

Haeusler, M H, Hespanhol, L and Hoggenmueller, M (2018) ParticipationPlus. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 133–49.

Hajji, A M and Lewis, P (2013) Development of productivity-based estimating tool for energy and air emissions from earthwork construction activities. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2(01), 84-100.

Hussein, D, Sarkar, S and Armstrong, P (2018) Mapping preferences for the number of built elements. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 53–67.

Hwang, Y H, Feng, Y and Tan, P Y (2016) Managing deforestation in a tropical compact city (Part B): Urban ecological approaches to landscape design. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 73-92.

Ismail, Z-A (2017) Maintenance management system (MMS) to support facilities management at Malaysian polytechnic. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 6(01), 19-33.

Kayan, B A (2015) Conservation plan and “green maintenance” from sustainable repair perspectives. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 25-44.

Kellert, S (2016) Biophilic urbanism: the potential to transform. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 8-18.

Kleerekoper, L, van den Dobbelsteen, A A J F, Hordijk, G J, van Dorst, M J and Martin, C L (2015) Climate adaptation strategies: achieving insight in microclimate effects of redevelopment options. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 110-36.

Kokkarinen, N, Shaw, A, Cullen, J, Pedrola, M O, Mason, A and Al-Shamma’a, A (2014) Investigation of audible carbon monoxide alarm ownership: Case study. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 3(01), 72-86.

Littke, H (2016) Becoming biophilic: Challenges and opportunities for biophilic urbanism in urban planning policy. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 15-24.

Littke, H (2016) Becoming biophilic: Challenges and opportunities for biophilic urbanism in urban planning policy. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 15-24.

Lombardi, P and Ferretti, V (2015) New spatial decision support systems for sustainable urban and regional development. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 45-66.

Meng, X (2014) The role of facilities managers in sustainable practice in the UK and Ireland. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 3(01), 23-34.

Miller, W and Buys, L (2013) Factors influencing sustainability outcomes of housing in subtropical Australia. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2(01), 60-83.

Muehlbauer, M (2018) Towards typogenetic tools for generative urban aesthetics. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 20–32.

Nourian, P, Rezvani, S, Valeckaite, K and Sariyildiz, S (2018) Modelling walking and cycling accessibility and mobility. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 7(01), 101–16.

Papageorgiou, G and Demetriou, G (2020) Investigating learning and diffusion strategies for sustainable mobility. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(01), 1–16.

Pisello, A L, Xu, X, Taylor, J E and Cotana, F (2012) Network of buildings. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 73-86.

Pisello, A L, Xu, X, Taylor, J E and Cotana, F (2012) Network of buildings' impact on indoor thermal performance. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 73-86.

Roggema, R, Kabat, P and Dobbelsteen, A v d (2012) Towards a spatial planning framework for climate adaptation. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 29-58.

Roggema, R, Kabat, P and Dobbelsteen, A v d (2012) Towards a spatial planning framework for climate adaptation. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 29-58.

Saade, M R M, Silva, M G d, Gomes, V, Franco, H G, Schwamback, D and Lavor, B (2014) Material eco-efficiency indicators for Brazilian buildings. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 3(01), 54-71.

Sarker, R I, Mailer, M and Sikder, S K (2019) Walking to a public transport station. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 9(01), 38–53.

Selberherr, J (2015) Sustainable life cycle offers through cooperation. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 4-24.

Settembre Blundo, D, García-Muiña, F E, Pini, M, Volpi, L, Siligardi, C and Ferrari, A M (2019) Sustainability as source of competitive advantages in mature sectors. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 8(01), 53–79.

Shen, Q, Wang, H and Tang, B-s (2014) A decision-making framework for sustainable land use in Hong Kong's urban renewal projects. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 3(01), 35-53.

Siew, R Y J, Balatbat, M C A and Carmichael, D G (2013) The relationship between sustainability practices and financial performance of construction companies. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2(01), 6-27.

Singhaputtangkul, N (2017) A decision support tool to mitigate decision-making problems faced by a building design team. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 6(01), 2-18.

Slagstad, H and Brattebø, H (2013) Use of LCA to evaluate solutions for water and waste infrastructure in the early planning phase of carbon-neutral urban settlements. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2(01), 28-42.

Stremke, S and Schöbel, S (2019) Research through design for energy transition: two case studies in Germany and The Netherlands. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 8(01), 16–33.

Tan, P Y, Feng, Y and Hwang, Y H (2016) Deforestation in a tropical compact city (Part A): Understanding its socio-ecological impacts. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 47-72.

Thomsen, J, Berker, T, Hauge, Å L, Denizou, K, Wågø, S and Jerkø, S (2013) The interaction between building and users in passive and zero-energy housing and offices: The role of interfaces, knowledge and user commitment. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 2(01), 43-59.

Windapo, A O and Goulding, J S (2015) Understanding the gap between green building practice and legislation requirements in South Africa. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 4(01), 67-96.

Yang, J (2012) Editorial: promoting integrated development for smart and sustainable built environment. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(01), 4-13.

Young, R F (2016) The biophilic city and the quest for paradise. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5(01), 25-46.

Zainul Abidin, N and Amir Shariffuddin, N A (2019) Engaging consultants in green projects: exploring the practice in Malaysia. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 8(01), 80–94.